Militias must obey the executive power

John Adams takes private "militia" advocates to the woodshed

“It must be made a sacred maxim, that the militia obey the executive power, which represents the whole people in the execution of laws. To suppose arms in the hands of citizens, to be used at individual discretion, except in private self-defence, or by partial orders of towns, counties, or districts of a state, is to demolish every constitution, and lay the laws prostrate, so that liberty can be enjoyed by no man; it is a dissolution of the government. The fundamental law of the militia is, that it be created, directed, and commanded by the laws, and ever for the support of the laws.”
John Adams
Defence of the Constitutions of Government (1787)

We will have more to come on this topic.

Self Portrait with a Phrygian Cap by Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson - 1792